Waste-Derived Green Nanocatalyst for Biodiesel Production: Kinetic-Mechanism Deduction and Optimization Studies

This research focuses on deducing the kinetic mechanism for biodiesel production catalyzed by a CaO nanocatalyst derived from waste cockle shells via thermal hydration–dehydration treatment. In addition, preparation method hydration–dehydration-related parameters (hydration duration, recalcination temperature, and duration) was studied optimized. The transesterification reaction followed Langmuir–Hinshelwood with surface as rate-limiting step. relatively low activation energy (3786.7 J/mol) offered enhanced rate to 27.3% FAME yield/hr. optimal conditions treatment used develop nano catalyst were 6 h of hydration 650 °C 3 duration. Of yield, 94.13% obtained at moderate temperature 60 time during palm oil nano-CaO. SEM, BET, TPD results proved that had large area (13.9113 m2/g) high pore volume (0.0318 cm3/g) rich in active sites (1046.46 ?mol CO2/g), diameter (33.17 nm) accessible reactants products.